Architectural Graphic Standards Manual

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The Outside/Structured Parking space type refers to an above-grade, ramp access, open-air structure specifically designed to accommodate vehicle parking. As defined for the WBDG, the Level of Service (LOS) (refer to Architectural Graphic Standards, 10th Edition, page 106) of the Inside/Basement Parking is LOS B, indicating use by some unfamiliar users, moderate daily turnover, and medium percentage of small cars and light trucks; and requiring one-way aisles of 11'-0' straight-ways and 13'-6' turns. See also WBDG Parking Facilities.

Space Attributes

First and foremost, parking structures—either basement, structured, or surface—must provide for the safe and efficient passage of automobiles as well as visitors to and from their vehicles. Therefore, attention should be given to providing the maximum driver visibility possible at all turning points along the roadway as well as designing stairways and lobbies to offer maximum visibility from the outside for security of the visitors. As a sole use structure with no interior fit-out, typical features of outside structured parking include the list of applicable design objectives elements as outlined below. For a complete list and definitions of the design objectives within the context of whole building design, click on the titles below.

Aesthetics

Minimal Visual Impact: The structured parking structure should not dominate the building site. Through a combination of planning, architectural, and landscaping elements, the visual impact on the surrounding streets and developments can be minimized. For example, structured parking is generally located to the rear or side of the building and away from the street or street intersections, while providing direct pedestrian access to the buildings.

Functional / Operational

Site Improvements: Typical site improvements directly related to the structured parking structure include ground cover, planting, irrigation systems—for example, sprinkler misters at integral planters on building spandrel panels, storm water drainage systems, vehicle entrance roadways, sidewalks, lighting, signage, fences, screens, buffer zones, roadway extensions to public streets, and connections to public utilities.
Structural Requirements: The structure includes foundation, beams, columns, and slabs. The structural bay spacing and floor-to-floor heights are designed to accommodate vehicle circulation and parking. The standard substructure foundation includes reinforced concrete spread footing, water-resistant membrane with rigid insulation and with sealant sloped at footing, and gravel drainage course with filter mat over 4' drainage tiles. The slab on grade is typically 6', 4000 PSI, poured on top of a gravel base on compacted fill with a moisture barrier in between the gravel base and the slab. The slab is reinforced with welded wire fabric; and the joints and wall junctures are sealed with sealant. The structural frame, designed for a live load of 50 LB/SF, is typically precast, reinforced concrete structural columns and beams, and double 'T' deck with concrete topping, allowing for a clear height under the 'T' of 8'-6'.
Signage and Wayfinding: Signage should indicate all major internal pedestrian access points as well as external major roads and buildings. In structured parking, pavement markings are reflective paint and traffic control signage is usually reflective metal signs with minimum 5' high letters. The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (ANSI D 6.1e) provides guidance on pavement marking and signage.
Parking Management: Curb-mounted parking booths with transaction windows and deal trays are installed at vehicular entrances/exits to manage entering and exiting vehicles. A cooling system, like a packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC), is usually incorporated to supply the booth with outside air at a positive pressure relative to surrounding parking areas.

Secure / Safe

Security Protection: Beyond parking management, several security measures are incorporated into typical structured parking structures to ensure the security of visitors. These generally include: uniform lighting coverage, preferably with energy-efficient light fixtures, closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras, card reader access control for vehicle entrance doors, concrete filled protective bollards to protect vehicle entry keypads and ticketing systems, and hydraulic lift wedge type barriers for egress control. Also critical are the exterior security systems, including CCTV cameras and building security flood lighting, related to the protection of elevator lobby space, stairs, and other support spaces accessible from the parking area. Depending on the level of protection desired, consider ballistic glazing for the parking booths. See also WBDG Secure / Safe—Security for Building Occupants and Assets.
Fire and Life Safety: The structured parking structure is typically sprinklered for 1 hr. structure, 1 hr. exterior bearing walls, 1 hr. interior bearing walls, 1 hr. exterior non-bearing walls, 1 hr. floor construction, and 1 hr. roof construction. Proper notification systems, lighting, and signage are required to facilitate safe and speedy evacuations during an emergency. This is usually accomplished with proper fire alarm wiring, pull stations, strobes, annunciators, and exit signage. See also WBDG Secure / Safe—Fire Protection.
Ice Prevention: Radiant heaters or slab heating coils are incorporated into the structured parking structure to prevent ice build-up, which could cause dangerous driving/walking conditions within the parking structure.
Ventilation: Forced ventilation systems are installed in enclosed spaces.

Sustainable

Drainage and Storm Water Management: Water runoff from vehicles is typically dealt with in structured parking structures by installing trench drains with cast iron covers at all vehicle entrance/exit points, sand and oil traps at all storm drain discharge points, and floor area drains at every low point. See also WBDG Low Impact Development Technologies.

Example Plans

The following diagrams are representative of typical tenant plans.

Example Construction Criteria

For GSA, the unit costs for outside, structured parking are based on the construction quality and design features in the following table. This information is based on GSA's benchmark interpretation and could be different for other owners.

Relevant Codes and Standards

The following agencies and organizations have developed codes and standards affecting the design of structured parking. Note that the closed and standards are minimum requirements. Architects, engineers, and consultants should consider exceeding the applicable requirements whenever possible:

GSA PBS-P100 Facilities Standards for the Public Buildings Service

Additional Resources

WBDG

Architectural graphic standards online, free

Building Types

Educational Facilities, Federal Courthouse, Health Care Facilities, Libraries, Office Building, Parking Facilities, Research Facilities

Space Types

Basement Parking, Surface Parking

Design Objectives

Functional / Operational—Account for Functional Needs, Secure / Safe—Fire Protection, Secure / Safe—Security for Building Occupants and Assets, Sustainable—Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)

Publications

Architectural Graphic Standards, 12th Edition by American Institute of Architects, Dennis J. Hall. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016.
Planning and Design Guidelines, Chapter 05 - Parking and Loading by City of Surprise, AZ.

720 pages

Description

The residential construction market may have its ups and downs,but the need to keep your construction knowledge current never letsup.

Architectural graphics standards book pdf

Now, with the latest edition of Architectural GraphicStandards for Residential Construction, you can keep yourpractice at the ready. This edition was expertly redesigned toinclude all-new material on current technology specific toresidential projects for anyone designing, constructing, ormodifying a residence. With additional, new content coveringsustainable and green designs, sample residential drawings,residential construction code requirements, and contemporary issuesin residential construction, it’s a must-have resource. Andnow it's easier to get the information you need when you need itwith references to the relevant building codes built right into thedetails and illustrations. These new 'smart' details go beyonddimensions with references to the International ResidentialBuilding Code—presenting all the information you need rightat your fingertips. New features and highlights include:

Loads of previously unpublished content—over 80% iseither new or entirely revised
Sustainable/ green design information in every chapter—amust today's practicing building and constructionprofessionals
Coverage of contemporary issues in residentialconstruction—aging in place, new urbanism, vacation and smallhomes, historic residences…it’s all here.
Coverage of single- and multi-family dwellings—completecoverage of houses, row homes and quadraplexes as dictated by theInternational Residential Building Codes.

PUBLISHER'S NOTES.

LETTER FROM THE AIA.

INTRODUCTION: MANAGING BUILDING INFORMATION: THE EVOLUTION OFARCHITECTURAL GRAPHIC STANDARDS FOR RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION.

SECTION 1: SPACES.

CHAPTER 1: BASICS OF RESIDENTIAL DESIGN.

General Guidelines.

Residential Planning.

Single-Family Detached Housing.

Single-Family Attached Housing.

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design.

Site Planning for Fire Protection.

Control of Flood Damage.

Residential Site Planning.

Resource Conservation.

Daylighting.

Seismic Design.

Accessible Design.

CHAPTER 2: HABITABLE SPACES.

Sleeping Spaces.

Kitchens.

Living Rooms.

Adjoining Spaces.

CHAPTER 3: ANCILLARY AND UNINHABITABLE SPACES.

Ancillary Spaces.

Uninhabitable Spaces.

CHAPTER 4: OUTDOOR SPACES.

Garden Design.

Patio Planning.

Court and Lawn Games.

Water Features.

Docks and Launching Ramps.

Dock Construction.

SECTION 2: ELEMENTS.

CHAPTER 5: STRUCTURE.

Substructure.

Superstructure.

CHAPTER 6: SHELL.

Exterior Vertical Enclosures.

Exterior Horizontal Enclosures.

CHAPTER 7: INTERIORS.

Interior Construction.

Interior Finishes.

CHAPTER 8: SERVICES.

Conveying.

Plumbing.

Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC).

Electrical.

CHAPTER 9: EQUIPMENT AND FURNISHINGS.

Equipment.

Furnishings.

CHAPTER 10: SITEWORK.

Site Preparation.

Site Improvements.

Site Utilities.

SECTION 3: MATERIALS.

CHAPTER 11: CONCRETE.

Concrete Forming and Accessories.

Concrete Reinforcing.

Cast-in-Place Concrete.

CHAPTER 12: MASONRY.

Masonry Mortaring and Grouting.

Masonry Anchorage, Reinforcing, and Accessories.

Unit Masonry.

Concrete Unit Masonry.

Glass Unit Masonry.

Stone Assemblies.

CHAPTER 13: METALS.

Metal Materials.

Structural Metal Framing.

Decorative Metal.

Perforated Metal.

CHAPTER 14: WOOD.

Types of Wood Construction.

Wood Treatment.

Fastenings.

Panel Products and Wood Veneers.

CHAPTER 15: GLASS.

Basic Types of Glass.

Locations for Safety Glazing.

SECTION 4: CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN RESIDENTIALCONSTRUCTION.

CHAPTER 16: AGING IN PLACE.

Design Strategies.

Determining Needs.

Simple Fixes.

Conclusions.

Resources.

CHAPTER 17: BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) FORRESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION.

Precursors to BIM in Residential Design.

BIM versus CAD.

Object Intelligence versus Lines.

BIM Communication and Coordination.

Simulation, Calculation, and Analysis with BIM.

Standard Methods—the 'I' in BIM.

CHAPTER 18: SUSTAINABLE RATING SYSTEMS FOR HOMES.

Rating Systems and Tools.

Sustainability in Remodeling Existing Homes.

Conclusions.

CHAPTER 19: EMERGING TRENDS IN RESIDENTIAL DESIGN ANDCONSTRUCTION.

AIA Home Design Trends Survey.

Related Trends.

Residential Construction Trends.

Conclusions.

CHAPTER 20: PROJECT DELIVERY.

Project Scope.

The Parties.

Project Stages/Phases.

Project Delivery Methods.

Designer Considerations.

Construction Contracts.

Conclusions.

SECTION 5: SAMPLE RESIDENTIAL PROJECT.

CHAPTER 21: MOUNTAIN CABIN: STERLING, NC.

Standard Form of Agreement between the Owner and theArchitect.

Drawings.

Project Manual.

Standard Form of Agreement between the Owner and theContractor.

Application and Certificate for Payment and ContinuationSheet.

Change Order.

Certificate of Substantial Completion.

APPENDICES.

A Graphic Symbols.

B Classical Architectural Elements.

C Mathematical Data.

D Structural Calculations.

INDEX.

Author Information

Dennis J. Hall, FAIA, FCSI is founder and managing principalof HALL I Building Information Group, LLC and Hall Architects, Inc.in Charlotte, North Carolina. He is the 2011 President of theConstruction Specifications Institute and also serves on theOmniClass Construction Classification System Development Committee.

Nina M. Giglio, Assoc. AIA, CSI is President of HALL IBuilding Information Group, LLC and Director of Specifications forHall Architects, Inc. She is the 2011 President of SpecificationConsultants in Independent Practice and a member of the CSITechnical Committee.

The American Institute of Architects (AIA) isAmerica’s largest and oldest professional society forarchitects. The AIA offers continuing education, conferences, andprofessional information to its membership and their clients.Founded in 1857, the AIA celebrated its 150^thanniversary in 2007.

Reviews

'Now, with the latest edition of Architectural Graphic Standards for Residential Construction, you can keep your practice ready.' (ChicagoArchitectureToday.com, June 2010)

Press Release

ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHIC STANDARDS FOR RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION, Second Edition

Residential construction is a cornerstone of the U.S. economy with the US Census Bureau reporting 82,750 companies that specialize in residential remodeling and 62,700 contractors serving single and multi-family buildings. Although the residential construction market may have its ups and downs, the need for professionals to keep their construction knowledge current never eases. The book that professionals have come to rely on for the latest residential construction standards and specifications, is now completely revised and updated. ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHIC STANDARDS FOR RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION Second Edition (John Wiley & Sons; $199.00; May 2010) is expertly redesigned to include all-new material on current technology specific to residential projects for anyone designing, constructing, or modifying a residence. Known as the book that not only shows architects how something is done, but how it is done right, there’s all new content covering sustainable and green designs, sample residential drawings, residential construction code requirements, and contemporary issues in residential construction.

ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHIC STANDARDS FOR RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION is organized to follow CSI's Uniformat organizational system, which closely follows the architect's workflow. With over 400 new pages of content, the book references relevant building codes built right into the details and illustrations so it’s easier for professionals to get the information they need. These new 'smart' details go beyond dimensions with references to the International Residential Building Code, presenting all the information readers need right at their fingertips. Plus, this edition is also available on CD-ROM that contains details that can be downloaded into the architect’s documents saving them time and money. This edition’s coverage includes:

Sustainable/green design information in every chapter
Contemporary issues in residential construction including aging in place, new urbanism, vacation and small homes, historic residences and more
Single- and multi-family dwellings including houses, row homes and quadraplexes as dictated by the International Residential Building Codes
Sample residential drawings and the corresponding specifications for residential design
Standards for spaces within single-family homes
Contemporary issues in residential construction -aging in place, new urbanism, vacation and small homes, and historic homes are among the special topics covered in this section

Architectural Graphic Standards for Residential Construction is the book that professionals have come to rely on when designing and building new construction, remodeling or adding to existing homes, or inspecting new or existing homes. It is an essential reference in any residential construction professional's library. To learn more visit: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vZPraxn_W0 .

ABOUT THE AUTHORS:

The American Institute of Architects (AIA) (Washington, DC) is America's largest and oldest professional society for architects. The AIA offers continuing education, conferences, and professional information to its membership and their clients. Founded in 1857, the AIA celebrated its 150^th anniversary in 2007.

Dennis J. Hall, FAIA, FCSI is founder and managing principal of HALL | Building Information Group, LLC and Hall Architects, Inc. in Charlotte, North Carolina. He is the 2011 President of the Construction Specifications Institute and also serves on the OmniClass Construction Classifications System Development Committee.

Nina M. Giglio, Assoc. AIA, CSI is President of HALL | Building Information Group, LLC and Director of Specifications for Hall Architects, Inc. She is the 2011 President of Specification Consultants in Independent Practice and a member of the CSI Technical Committee.

ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHIC STANDARDS FOR RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

Second Edition

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Publication date: May 17, 2010

$199.00; Hardcover; 720 pages; ISBN: 978-0-470-39583-7