Lunar Lander is a single-player arcade game in the Lunar Lander subgenre. It was developed by Atari, Inc. and released in August 1979. In the game, the player controls a lunar landing module as viewed from the side and attempts to land safely on the Moon. The player burns fuel points to rotate the module and fires a thruster to counteract gravity, earning points based on the skillfulness and difficulty of the landing. The game resets the module after every successful landing or crash with a new landing terrain and ends when the player runs out of fuel. Players can insert more coins at any time to buy more fuel, allowing for potentially indefinite gameplay.

Insert coins click to play arrow keys to move. Download this game from Microsoft Store for Windows 10 Mobile, Windows Phone 8.1, Windows Phone 8. See screenshots, read the latest customer reviews, and compare ratings for Game Room - Lunar Lander.

Development of the game began with the creation of a vector graphics engine by Atari after the release of the 1978 Cinematronics game Space Wars. Upon its completion, engine co-designer Howard Delman proposed using it to create a Lunar Lander game, a genre which had seen numerous text-based examples beginning in 1969 and the graphical game Moonlander (1973). Delman and Rich Moore then developed the game itself. It was Atari's first vector-based game and the first multiple-perspective video game, changing views as the module approaches the Moon. Lunar Lander sold 4,830 units, a moderate success, but it was soon overtaken by the November 1979 Asteroids, and 300 Asteroids units were shipped in Lunar Landing-branded cabinets. Lunar Lander was one of the first two games to be registered with the United States Copyright Office, though the prior games in the genre kept the gameplay from being patented. It was one of the first games ported by Atari to its Atari Arcade browser game portal and has been featured in an art installation at the DublinScience Gallery.

Gameplay[edit]

Lunar Lander is a single-player game in the Lunar Lander subgenre in which the player attempts to land a lunar landing module on the Moon. The game is displayed using black and whitevector graphics and depicts a side-on view of the terrain and the landing module. At the top of the screen, the player is given information on the module's speed, altitude, and fuel, along with the score and time spent in the game. The terrain is very jagged and has only a few flat areas appropriate for landing. The player controls the orientation of the module and fires the thruster in order to steer the module to a landing area and land safely. The module is always displayed in the center of the screen, with the terrain scrolling beneath it as it travels horizontally, wrapping the single screen-width of terrain endlessly.^[1]

If the player successfully lands the module, they are awarded points based on how softly the module landed and the difficulty of the landing site and are awarded a small amount of fuel for good landings. The safe landing areas are highlighted with a flashing bonus multiplier, which is higher for smaller areas. If the module crashes—which happens if it is moving too fast or rotated too far from vertical when it touches the ground, or if the landing area is not flat—then a small number of points is awarded.^[1][2] When the lander gets close to the surface, the view changes to a close-up view of the lander.^[1][3] The player has a limited amount of fuel, which is consumed by controlling the module. Whether the player lands safely or crashes, the game starts another round with a different set of terrain and the player's remaining fuel. The game ends when the module touches the ground after running out of fuel.^[1]

The game is controlled via two buttons that rotate the module left and right, a large handle that fires the thruster proportionally to how hard it is pulled, and an 'abort' button that rotates the module back to vertical and fires the thruster, burning a large amount of fuel in an attempt to stop the module from crashing. Each action uses fuel, and when the fuel runs out the module no longer responds to the controls.^[1] The game features four levels of difficulty, which adjust the landing areas and module controls. The highest difficulty causes the module to continue rotating after it is turned until the player counters the rotation instead of only turning while the button is pressed.^[4] The player can adjust the game's difficulty at any time during play.^[5] Unlike other arcade games, Lunar Lander does not feature a time limit; instead, the game starts with a set amount of fuel and inserting additional quarters purchases more fuel, allowing indefinite gameplay.^[1] The amount of fuel gained per coin, including the initial game starting-coin, is adjustable by the operator to set levels ranging from 450 units to 5400 units.^[2]

Development[edit]

The Lunar Lander concept was initially created in 1969 as a text-based game called Lunar, or alternately the Lunar Landing Game.^[6][7] Many further versions of the game were developed over the course of the next decade; by 1979 the style of game was collectively seen as its own subgenre.^[8][9] The first graphical version of the subgenre, Moonlander, was released in 1973 by DEC, which commissioned a real-time, graphical Lunar Lander game to demonstrate the capabilities of its new DEC GT40 graphics terminals.^[4][7]

After the release of the 1977 Cinematronicsvector graphics game Space Wars, Atari began work on their own vector graphics engine, in which the graphics are constructed by drawn lines instead of pixels like in the more standard raster graphics engines. The initial hardware design work was done by Cyan Engineering, Atari's research and development subsidiary.^[10] Once it built an initial hardware concept, the project was passed on to Atari employee Howard Delman, who enhanced the prototype engine into one that could be used by game designers.^[4][10] Once it was done, he proposed using the monochrome game engine for a Lunar Lander game. Delman had previously played Moonlander during a tour of NASA and had played one of the text-based Lunar Lander games in college. In Fall 1978 development of the game began, with Delman in charge of the hardware and Rich Moore, who had only been with Atari for a few months and who had also played a Lunar Lander game in college, focusing on the programming.^[10]

Development began with Moore drawing out the game's graphics on graph paper, after which the pair wrote out the game's code on paper for typists to transcribe. Delman and Moore worked closely together, bouncing ideas off each other as Moore proposed programming designs and Delman iterated the hardware design. One point of contention in the development process was the difficulty of the game; Delman initially wanted the module to move as realistically as possible, but they determined that the result was almost impossible to play. As Delman noted in an interview in 2010, 'even the real lunar landers had computer assist!' Eventually, they settled on including four difficulty levels, as compared to Moonlander's three, though Delman has referred to the hardest level as 'one of the most painful difficulty spikes in gaming'.^[10]

Delman chose the large handle used to control the thruster: Atari initially planned to use a standard joystick, but he wanted a control with more physicality, including adding a rubber pad at the bottom to give players the impression that they could pull harder for a little more thrust. The thrust control has ten levels of thrust, as compared to the single on or off level of thrust in previous Lunar Landers, though Moore has noted that this gives players more incorrect options to choose from. The game's font was designed by Ed Logg and used for several other Atari vector graphics games. Several planned ideas had to be cut from the game during development. Delman has stated that chief among these was retaining a crater where the player's previous spaceships had crashed; it was cut as the new hardware could not draw enough lines fast enough to handle the detail. He also wanted to add in a McDonald's location easter egg, as was present in Moonlander.^[10] Over a year after development started, Lunar Lander was released in August 1979, just after the tenth anniversary of the first manned Moon landing, though Atari did not link this connection in its marketing of the game.^[4][10]

Legacy[edit]

Lunar Lander proved moderately commercially successful, selling 4,830 cabinets.^[5]Cash Box noted in September 1979 that the machines were very popular with customers.^[11] It was Atari's first vector graphics game and the first multiple-perspective video game with the inclusion of the up-close view of the lander.^[1][3] Atari developed a two-player version of the game, but only two prototypes were ever made as it did not enter production.^[10] The two-player version was cancelled as Lunar Lander's popularity was soon overtaken by Atari's Asteroids (November 1979), which used the same vector graphics engine and which had initially been based on Lunar Lander's code.^[10] Atari ceased production early on Lunar Lander in favor of shipping Asteroids games in Lunar Lander cabinets; the first 300 Asteroids games were released with Lunar Lander artwork on the side.^[1][4][10] The Atari Lunar Lander was the most popular version to date of the 'Lunar Lander' concept, surpassing the prior Moonlander and text-based games, and most later versions of the concept are implicitly or explicitly based on the Atari version.^[4]

In 1977, Atari produced Star Ship for the Atari 2600, which contained several space-related games; one of these was titled Lunar Lander, though despite the name its gameplay involved landing on a surface while avoiding enemy spaceships instead of the gameplay of the arcade game.^[12] While Atari did not produce any true sequels or contemporary ports of the game, in 1981 Adventure International produced a version of the concept under the title Lunar Lander as part of a series of arcade game clones for the TRS-80 and Atari 8-bit computers, which, though featuring differences from the Atari version, was advertised as 'an arcade game simulation'.^[13][14] At least one other arcade game based on the Lunar Lander concept was developed around the same time, the non-vector graphics game Lunar Rescue by Taito.^[3] The Atari Lunar Lander has been included in several Atari compilation releases for various platforms starting in 2003, such as Atari: 80 Classic Games in One (2003, personal computer),^[15] the Atari Flashback 2 console (2005),^[16]Millipede / Super Breakout / Lunar Lander (2005, Game Boy Advance),^[17]Retro Atari Classics (2005, Nintendo DS),^[18]Atari Masterpieces (2005, N-Gage),^[19]Atari Classics Evolved (2007, PlayStation Portable),^[20]Atari Greatest Hits (2010, Nintendo DS, Android, iOS),^[21][22] and Atari Flashback Classics Volume 1 (2017, PlayStation 4, Xbox One).^[23]

In 1980, Asteroids and Lunar Lander became the first two games to be registered in the United States Copyright Office, though Burness has claimed that Atari also attempted to patent the game design, which was rejected due to his prior Moonlander.^[4][24] In 2012, for the 40th anniversary of Atari's founding, it released a set of its early games as browser-based games as the 'Atari Arcade'; Lunar Lander was one of the initial set of eight games.^[25] That same year, Lumen Prize-winner Seb Lee-Delisle presented his 'Lunar Trails' art installation at the Science Gallery in Dublin, in which a machine draws out the cumulative paths taken by players of a Lunar Lander arcade game.^[26]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcdefghGamers, pp. 50–52
2. ^ ^abLunar Lander Operation, Maintenance and Service Service Manual(PDF). Atari, Inc. August 1979. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2017-06-28.
3. ^ ^abcThe Video Game Explosion, p. 44
4. ^ ^abcdefgEdwards, Benj (2009-07-19). 'Forty Years of Lunar Lander'. Technologizer. Archived from the original on 2016-01-16. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
5. ^ ^abClassic Video Games, pp. 12–13
6. ^BASIC Computer Games, pp. 106–109
7. ^ ^abScience Fiction Video Games, p. 450
8. ^'Graphics Games for Exidy Sorcerer'. Intelligent Machines Journal. No. 4. 1979-02-28. p. 3. ISSN0199-6649.
9. ^Bisson, Gigi (March 1986). 'Game of the Month: Lunar Lander Construction Set'. Antic. Vol. 4 no. 11. ISSN0113-1141.
10. ^ ^abcdefghi'Lunar Lander'. Retro Gamer. No. 79. Imagine Publishing. July 2010. pp. 40–43. ISSN1742-3155.
11. ^'California Clippings'(PDF). Cash Box. 1979-09-15. p. 62. ISSN0008-7289.
12. ^The A-Z of Atari 2600 Games, § 'Star Ship'
13. ^'Lunar Lander'(PDF). Adventure International Microcomputer Software Catalog. Vol. 3 no. 2. Adventure International. 1983. p. 12.
14. ^The A-Z of Atari 8-bit Games, p. 83
15. ^Humphries, Scott (2004-01-27). 'Atari: 80 Classic Games in One Review'. IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
16. ^Atari 2600 Manual: Atari Flashback 2 Owner's Manual. Atari, SA. 2005. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
17. ^Provo, Frank (2005-09-20). 'Millipede / Super Breakout / Lunar Lander Review'. Gamespot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
18. ^'Retro Atari Classics' (in French). JeuxVideo.com. 2005-03-16. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
19. ^'Atari Masterpieces Vol. 1' (in French). JeuxVideo.com. 2005-10-25. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
20. ^'GC 2007 : Atari annonce Atari Classics Evolved' (in French). JeuxVideo.com. 2007-08-21. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
21. ^Harris, Craig (2010-08-10). 'Atari Greatest Hits Volume 1 Review'. IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
22. ^Parish, Joseph (2011-11-07). 'Atari's Greatest Hits now available for Android'. The Verge. Vox. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
23. ^'Atari Flashback Classics Volume 1' (in French). JeuxVideo.com. 2017-02-24. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
24. ^Programming Logic and Design, p. 36
25. ^Lardinois, Frederic (2012-08-30). 'Lunar Lander In HTML5: Atari Teams Up With Microsoft To Bring 8 Classic Games To The Browser'. TechCrunch. AOL. Archived from the original on 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2017-11-20.
26. ^VanHemert, Kyle (2012-12-03). 'Infographic: An Arcade Classic, Charted In Real Time'. FastCo.Design. Fast Company. Archived from the original on 2016-08-25. Retrieved 2017-11-21.

Sources[edit]

• Ahl, David (November 1978). BASIC Computer Games (2nd ed.). Workman Publishing. ISBN978-0-89480-052-8.
• Eddy, Brian R. (2012-07-20). Classic Video Games: The Golden Age 1971–1984. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-0-7478-1108-4.
• Farrell, Joyce (2017-01-27). Programming Logic and Design, Comprehensive (9th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN978-1-337-51704-1.
• Gardner, Drew (2004-10-26). Compton, Shanna (ed.). Gamers: Writers, Artists and Programmers on the Pleasures of Pixels. Soft Skull Press. ISBN978-1-932360-57-8.
• Hawken, Kieren (2017-02-16). The A - Z of Atari 2600 Games: Volume 1. Andrews UK. ISBN978-1-78538-635-0.
• Hawken, Kieren (2017-05-22). The A - Z of Atari 8-bit Games: Volume 1. Andrews UK. ISBN978-1-78538-692-3.
• Tringham, Neal Roger (2014-09-10). Science Fiction Video Games. CRC Press. ISBN978-1-4822-0388-2.
• Wolf, Mark J. P. (2007-11-30). The Video Game Explosion: A History from PONG to PlayStation and Beyond. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-313-33868-7.

External links[edit]

• Lunar Lander at the Killer List of Videogames
• Revised browser-based version of Lunar Lander at the Atari Arcade
• Lunar trails exhibition at the Dublin Science Gallery

Lunar Lander is the name of a genre of video games in which the player controls a spacecraft as it falls towards the surface of the Moon or other astronomical bodies, and must maneuver the ship's thrusters so as to land safely before exhausting the available fuel. In many games in the genre, the player must adjust the ship's orientation, as well as its horizontal and vertical velocities.

The first Lunar Lander game was a text-based game named Lunar, or alternately the Lunar Landing Game, written in the FOCAL programming language for the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-8minicomputer by Jim Storer while a high school student in the fall of 1969. Two other versions were written soon after by other programmers in BASIC. Lunar was converted to BASIC by David H. Ahl, who included all three versions in his 1973 101 BASIC Computer Games; by the end of the decade, the type of game was collectively known as a 'lunar lander' game.

In 1973, DEC commissioned the creation of a real-time, graphical version of Lunar Lander, which was intended to showcase the capabilities of their new DEC GT40 graphics terminals. The game, which was written by Jack Burness and named Moonlander, was distributed with DEC computers and displayed at trade shows. An arcade game version of the game concept was released as Lunar Lander in 1979 by Atari, which featured a fuel-for-money system allowing the player to purchase more fuel to continue their current game.

Other graphical Lunar Lander games were released for various systems, including Jupiter Lander for the Commodore 64, Retrofire for Atari 8-bit computers, and Apollo 11 for the ZX Spectrum. Critics have claimed that the text-based version of the genre was collectively the most popular computer game of its time, and so many graphical examples of the genre exist that in 1981 Electronic Games claimed: 'sometimes it seems as though every company capable of copying a cassette is trying to sell a game on this theme.'

Text games[edit]

The original Lunar Lander game was a 1969 text-based game called Lunar, or alternately the Lunar Landing Game.^[1][2] It was originally written in the FOCAL programming language for the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-8minicomputer by Jim Storer while a student at Lexington High School in the fall of 1969.^[3][4] Storer submitted the game to the DEC users' newsletter, which distributed the source code to readers.^[3] Other versions of the concept were written soon after: a version called Rocket was written in BASIC by Eric Peters at DEC, and a third version, LEM, was written by William Labaree II in BASIC, among others.^[1]

All three text-based games require the player to control a rocket attempting to land on the Moon by entering instructions to the rocket in a turn-based system in response to the textual summary of its current position and velocity relative to the ground.^[1] In the original Lunar, players controlled only the amount of vertical thrust to apply, based on their current vertical velocity and remaining fuel, with each round representing one second of travel time. Rocket added a simple text-based graphical display of the distance from the ground in each round, while LEM added horizontal velocity and the ability to apply thrust at an angle.^[3] In 1970 and 1971, DEC employee and editor of the newsletter David H. Ahl converted two early mainframe games, Lunar and Hamurabi, from the FOCAL language to BASIC, partially as a demonstration of the language on the DEC PDP-8 minicomputer. Their popularity led him to start printing BASIC games in the DEC newsletter, both his own and reader submissions.^[5][6]

In 1973, Ahl released the book 101 BASIC Computer Games, which contained the source code of computer games written in BASIC. The games included were written by both Ahl and others and included both games original to the language and games ported from other languages such as FOCAL. 101 BASIC Computer Games was a landmark title in computer games programming and was a best-selling title with more than 10,000 copies sold. Its second edition in 1978, titled BASIC Computer Games, was the first million-selling computer book. As such, the BASIC ports of mainframe computer games included in the book were often more long-lived than their original versions or other mainframe computer games.^[5] Included in the book were all three versions of Lunar Lander, under the names ROCKET (Storer version), ROCKT1 (Peters version), and ROCKT2 (Labaree version).^[1] Ahl and Steve North then converted all three versions to Microsoft BASIC and published them in Creative Computing magazine and the Best of Creative Computing collection in 1976;^[6] they were reprinted in the 1978 edition of BASIC Computer Games as Lunar, LEM, and Rocket as the most popular of the existing versions of the game.^[1]

Lunar Lander was commercially distributed for some programmable calculators such as in 1975 for the Hewlett-Packard HP-25.^[7] With the advent of home computers in 1977, the game concept soon moved to those systems as well, with Moon Lander (1977) for the MK14computer kit, which displayed the lander's speed, height, and fuel consumption on an eight-character calculator-style display, as an early example.^[8] While Ahl did not list a common name for the three similar titles in his book, the style of game was collectively seen as its own subgenre, with InfoWorld referring to LEM in February 1979 as 'a lunar lander' and Antic terming the set of text-based games as 'Lunar Landers' in 1986.^[9][10]

Graphical games[edit]

In 1973, DEC commissioned the creation of a real-time, graphical version of Lunar Lander, which was intended to showcase the capabilities of their new DEC GT40 graphics terminals, when connected to their PDP-10 or PDP-11 minicomputers. The game was written by Jack Burness, a DEC consultant, and named Moonlander; it was distributed with DEC computers and displayed at trade shows.^[2][3] Unlike the previous turn-based, textual games, Moonlander is a real-time graphical game. The goal remains to correctly land a lunar module on the surface of the Moon using the game's telemetry data. If the player miscalculates the module's landing, the module will either fly off into space or crash into the Moon's surface. The game is controlled with a light pen, and the output display was a vector graphics system; the light pen allowed adjusting the throttle value and the angle of the lunar lander.^[2] Burness has said that he does not recall playing the original Lunar, but that by 1973 there were numerous versions of the game which he had played. He based the calculations of the fuel consumption for maneuvering the rocket on the actual lunar lander specifications, which he obtained from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which co-designed the lander. The entire game was written in ten days.^[3]

In August 1979, Atari produced an arcade game version of the concept called Lunar Lander. This version featured monochrome vector graphics and allowed the player to rotate the ship right or left and fire thrusters controlled with a proportional throttle control system using a joystick with a spring. Like Moonlander, both a graphical display of a repeating mountainous surface as well as a text readout of the ship's speed, altitude, and remaining fuel are displayed. Once a game begins, it only ends when a player runs out of fuel, rather than due to a time limit; players can insert quarters to add fuel to their current game. Bonus points are awarded for landing on difficult parts of the map.^[11] The game features four levels of difficulty in controlling the ship.^[3]Lunar Lander was Atari's first vector graphics game and the first multiple-perspective video game; when the lander got close to the surface, the view changed to a close-up view of the lander.^[11][12] The vector engine was inspired by Space Wars (1978) and created by Rick Moncrief and Howard Delman, who developed Lunar Lander alongside Rich Moore. The idea for the game came from Delman, who had seen a graphical version of the game, likely Moonlander, a few years prior.^[3] At least one other arcade game based on the Lunar Lander concept was developed around the same time, Lunar Rescue by Taito.^[12]

Additional graphical Lunar Lander games have been produced for several other systems. Although some, such as a version by Stoneware for the Apple II, were named Lunar Lander,^[13] many were not; regardless, the name of the type of game continued to be 'lunar landers'.^[10][14] Bill Budge developed Tranquility Base for the Apple II in 1980, HAL Laboratory developed Jupiter Lander, a raster version of the game, in 1982 for the Commodore VIC-20 and Commodore 64, and IBM released Rocket Lander for the IBM Personal Computer in 1982.^[3][15]Ahoy! magazine published a Commodore BASICtype-in program version of the game for the Commodore 64 in April 1984.^[16]Tom Hudson wrote Retrofire, a more elaborate version of the lander concept for Atari 8-bit computers in 1983; it uses an 3D isometric view, so there are three velocities to control (along the X, Y, and Z axes).^[17] Other games include Apollo 11 (1983) for the ZX Spectrum,^[18]Marslander (1983) for the Acorn Electron and BBC Micro,^[19] and versions of Lunar Lander for the Commodore PET and TRS-80. George Moromisato developed Lander for Windows 3.1x in 1990, Nintendo released a version of Lunar Lander for the Game Boy that same year, and Psygnosis released a 3D, commercial version for Microsoft Windows in 1999 titled Lander. Other modern versions and remakes have been made for iOS, Android, mobile phones, and browsers.^[3]

Reception[edit]

In the 1978 edition of BASIC Computer Games, David Ahl described the text-based version of Lunar Lander as 'by far and away the single most popular computer game' of the time.^[3]Moonlander was similarly popular among users of DEC graphics terminals.^[3] The Lunar Lander arcade game proved popular and commercially successful, selling approximately 4,700 cabinets. Atari's Asteroids (1979) became so much more popular, however, that 300 Asteroids games were released in Lunar Lander cabinets.^[3][11]

Computer Gaming World described Lunar Lander in 1982 as one of the first fun programs entry level programmers start with and continually improve upon as they improve their skills.^[20] By 1973, there were numerous versions of the text-based game, and so many versions of the graphical game existed by 1981 that Electronic Games, in a review of a version by Scott Adams for Atari 8-bit computers and the TRS-80, claimed it was 'yet another entry in a field as crowded as the category of Space Invaders imitators. Sometimes it seems as though every company capable of copying a cassette is trying to sell a game on this theme.'^[21][3]Moon Lander for the MK14 was one of the first three commercial games in Britain for home computers.^[8] At least one metagame exists; Antic in March 1986 published Lunar Lander Construction Set for Atari 8-bit, in which the player constructs a custom graphical Lunar Lander.^[10] In Science Fiction Video Games (2014), while discussing the games' lack of science fiction concepts like aliens or unrealistic physics, Neal Roger Tringham described the series as 'one of the few video games to be based on a real space program, as opposed to the many games inspired by fictional forms of space exploration'.^[2]

See also[edit]

Lunar Lander Simulator Game

• Gravitar (1982), an arcade game from Atari based on similar concepts
• Space Taxi (1984), a more fanciful spin on thrust-controlled landings

References[edit]

Vintage Lunar Lander Arcade Game

1. ^ ^abcdeBASIC Computer Games, pp. 106–109
2. ^ ^abcdScience Fiction Video Games, p. 450
3. ^ ^{abcdefghijklm}Edwards, Benj (2009-07-19). 'Forty Years of Lunar Lander'. Technologizer. Archived from the original on 2016-01-16. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
4. ^Chien, Philip (July 1994). 'Blast off!'. Compute!. ABC Publishing: 90. ISSN0194-357X.
5. ^ ^abMcCracken, Harry (2014-04-29). 'Fifty Years of BASIC, the Programming Language That Made Computers Personal'. Time. Archived from the original on 2016-02-05. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
6. ^ ^abThe Best of Creative Computing, pp. 264–265
7. ^Hewlett-Packard HP-25 Applications Programs. Hewlett-Packard. 1975. OCLC8640699.
8. ^ ^abGrand Thieves & Tomb Raiders, p. 20
9. ^'Graphics Games for Exidy Sorcerer'. Intelligent Machines Journal. No. 4. 1979-02-28. p. 3. ISSN0199-6649.
10. ^ ^abcBisson, Gigi (March 1986). 'Game of the Month: Lunar Lander Construction Set'. Antic. Vol. 4 no. 11. ISSN0113-1141.
11. ^ ^abcGamers, pp. 50–52
12. ^ ^abThe Video Game Explosion, p. 44
13. ^Hogan, Thom (1981-05-11). 'I Was Held Prisoner by Computer'. InfoWorld. Vol. 3 no. 9. International Data Group. p. 31. ISSN0199-6649.
14. ^'Games Catalog'. Byte. Vol. 7. McGraw-Hill Education. 1982. ISSN0360-5280.
15. ^'Commodore C64 Manual: Jupiter Lander (1982)(Commodore)'. Jupiter Lander manual. Commodore International. 1982. Retrieved 2016-10-22 – via Internet Archive.
16. ^Wood, Anthony (April 1984). 'Lunar Lander'. Ahoy!. Ion International. pp. 35, 76. ISSN8750-4383. Retrieved 2016-10-18.
17. ^Hudon, Tom (November 1983). 'Retrofire'. ANALOG Computing. No. 14. p. 70. ISSN0744-9917.
18. ^van der Heide, Martijn. 'Apollo 11'. World of Spectrum. Retrieved 2016-10-27.
19. ^'Acorn Electron User Guide (English) Chapter 4'. Acorn Computers. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
20. ^McGrath, Richard (May–June 1982). 'The Eagle Has Landed'. Computer Gaming World. pp. 34–35. ISSN0744-6667.
21. ^'Computer Playland'. Electronic Games. No. 1. Reese Publishing Company. Winter 1981. p. 71. ISSN0730-6687. Retrieved 2016-10-19.

Vintage Lunar Lander Arcade Game

Sources[edit]

• Ahl, David (November 1978). BASIC Computer Games (2nd ed.). Workman Publishing. ISBN978-0-89480-052-8.
• Ahl, David, ed. (1976). The Best of Creative Computing. 1. Creative Computing Press. ISBN978-0-916688-01-1.
• Gardner, Drew (2004-10-26). Compton, Shanna (ed.). Gamers: Writers, Artists and Programmers on the Pleasures of Pixels. Soft Skull Press. ISBN978-1-932360-57-8.
• Levene, Rebecca; Anderson, Magnus (2012-11-08). Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: How British Video Games Conquered the World. Aurum Press. ISBN978-1-78131-107-3.
• Tringham, Neal Roger (2014-09-10). Science Fiction Video Games. CRC Press. ISBN978-1-4822-0388-2.
• Wolf, Mark J. P. (2007-11-30). The Video Game Explosion: A History from PONG to PlayStation and Beyond. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-313-33868-7.

External links[edit]

Lunar Lander Arcade Game Online

• Lunar Landing Game Recoding of Jim Storer's Lunar Landing Game from 1969
• Text game source code in BASIC Computer Games (1978)
• Official online version of Atari's Lunar Lander arcade game
• Lunar Lander at the Killer List of Videogames
• Source code (in MACRO-11) of GT40Moonlander, February 1973, and port to RT-11 by Al Kossow, January 1980.